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Finding the River: An Environmental History of the Elwha, by Jeff Crane
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In 1992 landmark federal legislation called for the removal of two dams from the Elwha River to restore salmon runs. Jeff Crane dives into the debate over development and ecological preservation in Finding the River, presenting a long-term environmental and human history of the river as well as a unique look at river reconstruction.
Finding the River examines the ways that different communities--from the Lower Elwha Klallam Indians to current-day residents--have used the river and its resources, giving close attention to the harnessing of the Elwha for hydroelectric production and the resulting decline of its fisheries. Jeff Crane describes efforts begun in the 1980s to remove the dams and restore the salmon. He explores the rise of a river restoration movement in the late twentieth century and the roles that free-flowing rivers could play in preserving salmon as global warming presents another set of threats to these endangered fish.
A significant and timely contribution to American Western and environmental history--removal of the two Elwha River dams is scheduled to begin in September 2011--Finding the River will be of interest to historians, to environmentalists, and to fisheries biologists, as well as to general readers interested in the Puget Sound and Olympic Peninsula and environmental issues
- Sales Rank: #269820 in Books
- Published on: 2011-12-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .80" w x 6.00" l, .88 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 256 pages
Review
Employing sound historical analysis and scientific evidence, he makes a valuable contribution to the literature on river development by directing attention to smaller dams that have cumulatively had major ecological effects. At the same time, he highlights the diversity, fluidity, and continued vitality of the modern environmental movement. -Andrew Fisher, Environmental History
Crane's research is impressive, and his narrative prose . . . drives home a conservation message with extraordinary force. Crane discusses the Elwha Dam as part of a larger story of industrialization and de-industrialization of rivers across America and plumbs the literature on the romantic, conservation, and environmental movements to understand reasons for its removal. The scope of the book . . . is impressive. In this sense, Finding the River will remain the exemplar in what is sure to become a growing commentary on dam-removal all across America. -Richard Judd, Oregon Historical Quarterly
Crane sets out to explore the Elwha and the evolving environmental attitudes that have shaped it. This open-ended approach makes the book a remarkably smooth and fluid read, with a narrative that runs easily from the ice age to the present day. This style does demand a little more attention from an academic reader, though, as Crane braids his findings and arguments seamlessly into the Elwha story.-Peter Brewitt, Journal of Environmental Studies
About the Author
Jeff Crane is an associate dean at the University of the Incarnate Word in San Antonio, Texas. He coedited Natural Protest: Essays on the History of American Environmentalism and is also the author of The Environment in American History: Nature and the Formation of the United States
Most helpful customer reviews
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
More Than Just Dams and Salmon
By J. M. Rhine
At first glance, "Finding the River" seems to be about dams and salmon and an oddly specific river in the Pacific Northwest.
However, author Jeff Crane peels back the many layers surrounding the recent removal of the Elwah and Glines Canyon dams which have starved the river of its salmon for decades. Crane uses this topic as a jumping off point for a larger discussion involving the native Klallam Indian culture, the nature and evolution of environmental discourse in America, the role of state and federal government in environmentalism, and what the restoration of the Elwah river means in a larger context of a nationwide environmental movement. Each one of these topics, Crane handles with care and is very aware of the scholarship that came before him (I say this with in mind the first chapter over the Klallam Indians and his treatment of Richard White in his conclusion).
Through his meticulous and careful writing, Crane successfully infuses the topics of river restoration and environmentalism with subtlety and nuance. I highly recommend this book to anyone who has read William Cronen's "Changes in the Land" or anyone who is interested in environmental history or ecology.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
River of Meaning
By Andrew J Lopenzina
This book offers a narrative of the Elwha, to most of us a little known river that runs through the Olympia National Park in Washington State, focusing on the battles that have been fought over the last one-hundred and fifty years to first harness its potential power and, more recently, to attempt to restore the river to its original purpose. The work is surprisingly timely, given that the author could not have known when he began the project that the two major dams on the Elwha would finally come down in 2011 after decades of struggle. But the story of how this came about, the various factions that collided and the many different peoples and natural resources affected by its history is fascinating and instructive with implications for communities throughout the US. Crane builds a narrative that includes the Klallam Natives who continue to claim the land and the resources of the river as their special provenance, nineteenth-century entrepreneurs and progressives who viewed the river as an "organic machine," early environmental movement leaders, factory mill operators and their blue collar employees, and not least of all, the salmon themselves who depend upon the natural flow of the river to maintain their complex spawning cycles. Given that this is an environmental history, it should come as little surprise that Crane stands in support of the river restoration project, but his balanced portrayal of the various parties involved will be illuminating to anyone concerned about the question of hydro-electric dams and their impact on the land. I was surprised to learn just how far back some of these battles go. While entrepreneurial visionaries like Thomas Aldwell typically saw "the wilderness as a barrier to progress" and promoted hydro-electric power as a kind of utopian program to boost economic opportunity across the board, Crane informs us that laws protecting salmon runs were already in place as early as the 1890's. Then as now, however, such laws and concerns were often outmatched by the powerful conglomeration of interests in favor of constructing the dams. Over the decades honest attempts were made by the Corps of Engineers and others to protect the salmon by providing hatcheries, constructing fish ladders, and through other various means. I am old enough to recall how the fish ladders in particular were touted in elementary school classrooms as something of an ingenuous technological compromise, but Crane's research reveals the complexities of such claims and the ultimate failure of these innovations to actually rejuvenate the salmon runs. The story of the Elwha is never a simple one, however, and Crane scrupulously documents the surprising victories, failures and assorted complex alliances that make up such a history. In the end, this book unravels many of the typical stereotypes that would simply pit soulless corporate moguls against nature-worshipping tree-huggers. As Crane notes, "the campaign to remove the Elwha dams incorporated environmental and economic arguments, a creative solution, and determination to build consensus in support of restoration." This is an enjoyable, at times lyrical, and always interesting bit of historical investigation that marries historical rigor with regional interest,narrative momentum and professional passion. Ultimately it asks us to consider what is the meaning of a river and, by extension, how we will proceed in finding a balance between nature and industry and managing the limited resources that sustain us on this planet.
3 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Great For What It Did - Dissapointing For What It Promised
By Dusty J, Summit
Over the last decade there has been a bit of negligence within the historical community when titling publications. This under-sight often extends to the introductions of books which outline more subject matter than the authors actually intend on investigating. Jeff Crane's Finding the River: An Environmental History of the Elwha unfortunately maintains this unfortunate pattern. Crane has not written an environmental history rather, he has written a socio-economic history of the Elwha and the public policy surrounding the river for the last one hundred years (and quite thoroughly at that). Early on in the book Crane promises to address deep philosophical questions about habitat restoration and cultural continuity as well as how the Elwha story reveals "the role of nature" in our lives. Crane explains, "Many Americans struggle to understand and negotiate the role of nature in their lives. The story of the Elwha River reveals a great deal about this relationship..." Finding the River does not adequately address these questions and assertions.
The Elwha River is located in the northern reaches of Washington State's Olympic Peninsula and flows through Olympic National Park before emptying into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. It was the location of two treaty-defying dam projects which transcended decades, were an engineering blunder, and ultimately failed to deliver on their promises to the public and politicians who lobbied for them. After much debate, the decision was made, with federal support, to deconstruct the two technologically obsolete dams. If this were the intended scope of the book, it would be complete and resolved in its mission. However, Crane endeavored to incorporate the more abstract and sometimes scientific themes of environmental history which lead to noticeable imbalances within the book.
To write a complete environmental history of any area, one must provide meaningful ecological and geological insights throughout the text. Crane reserves the first 8-10 pages for such a history covering the 3+ million year story before throwing in Natives and never mentioning the environment again in a meaningful and exploratory way. Of course it is not necessary to include a detailed biotic and geologic record of the Elwha region; however, by treating such a record as a mandatory introduction for an environmental history book and nothing more, he has separated the natural history from the human history. This does not at all maintain his claim that the Elwha can reveal to the readers "the role of nature in their lives." In fact it achieves the contrary.
Crane proceeds to provide excellent insights on the Klallam people who were the last Elwha residents before the white settlers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Crane draws from intriguing primary sources as reported from early explorers as well as a variety of secondary documents to illustrate an organized portrait of pre-contact Puget Sound riparian lifestyle. Crane employs meticulous citation when describing the lifestyle and practices of the Klallam people, but when he concludes the topic he insists that the Klallam people probably valued the river "for its beauty and clean water" and insists that the Klallam worldview was one where "nature was not commodified...While it is anachronistic to portray Indian peoples environmentalists in modern terms (there are many examples of Indian peoples damaging ecosystems and certain species like beaver during the beaver fur trade), in the case of the Klallam, we see a system of use and respect that worked..." Crane offers no citation or example to reinforce this grass roots idea. Instead he moves on to commit one of his most significant blunders in the book.
In order to reinforce his idea of the ecologically mindful Indian, Crane draws from Joseph Taylor's book, Making Salmon. Crane accurately notes Taylor's effort to explain the massive salmon harvest carried out by the Pacific Northwest Indians. These harvests were extensive and supported a large native population. According to Crane, Taylor explained that through ceremonial practices Indians self-regulated themselves into being unconsciously ecologically minded, and therefore they never depleted the salmon runs to their current pathetic state. However, Taylor's intentions behind Making Salmon were more concerned with the causes of the decline and the futile efforts of fish culturists to offset the drooping salmon run statistics. Taylor concludes that natives of the Pacific Northwest harvested an enormous amount salmon (perhaps as much as peek industrial harvests) and that no such ecologically minded constraints existed. Taylor uses a library of statistics to prove that salmon declines are due to, in sum, habitat loss.
In his introduction, Crane promised meaningful environmental philosophy on the subject of the Elwha but ultimately handles the topic by a few John Muir and William Cronon quotes and a few distant associations to the Hetch-Hetchy controversy of the early twentieth century.
However, as mention above, Crane has produced an excellent, and I mean excellent, hundred year account of the Elwha controversy placed in a political, social, and economical background. This was the book's strength, and if the reader is searching that sort of insight, then I highly recommend Finding the River. I would furthermore recommend that the reader skip the introduction and chapter 1 in order to not set up false hope in the promises and assertions posited in the early pages of the book.
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